Design Stage in Construction

Design Stage in ConstructionHere I provide explain only told(prenominal) the relevant fix ups and factors which need to be taken into account in the foundation stage of construction in relation to the RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects) course of study of work.RIBA plan of WorkA InceptionClient establishes basic requirements, speak to ranges, timetables, etc. He appoints architect and principle consultants. Basic foresee organization is established.Firstly the invitee leave alone establish the basic requirements, comprise ranges, timetables, etc and an architect leave behind be appointed and they ordain be consulted for his sponsor and professional opinion. The architect will be required to keep break the following jobs.01 Obtain information about the rank from the Client02 Visit the site and carry out an initial contiguity03 Assist the Client in preparation of Clients requirements04 Advise the Client on methods of procuring construction05 Advise on the need for specialist contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers to design and execute part of the Works.06 Prep argon proposals and make application for outline planning panegyric.The architect will need at least one meeting lymph node and will go to establish the main parts and general outline of his requirements. It is important for the architect to plan his work so that it matches the fees he is receiving. These fees argon charged at a percentage of the overall cost of the project depending on the job type.At this stage the main financial concern is limitations. This is where money must(prenominal)iness not be overspent and prices for materials must stay acceptable. It is important that acceptable methods of communication argon covered during the early stages of the job.B FeasibilityThe following processes will be carried out at this stage.01 extradite out such studies as may be inevitable to determine the feasibility of Clients requirements02 Review the Clients alternat ive design and construction approaches and the cost implications03 Advise on the need to obtain planning permission, approvals under Building Acts and or new(prenominal) regulations or opposite statutory requirements.04 Develop the Clients requirements.05 Advise on environmental impingement and mend a reportIn this stage the architect will work out whether it is technically possible to construct the motel on our precondition site. In order to do this the architect will fork over to obtain information on costs, detailed information on the site and information on the clients requirements provided at the inception stage.The local authority will be asked to supply us with there standard outlineing checklist that will be used to record information. The passageway authority will be consulted to carry out checks to determine that there are no problems with access relating to the site. These are all argueed in meetings.Drawings and baffles will be produced to help determine feasib ility. These will be purely visual aids only and will not consist of construction information or details. after(prenominal) the results of the investigations are gathered, the architect will report to the client and say whether or not it is a feasible proposition to meet the client requirements.BriefThe legal drawing is the means of communicating the clients requirements to the professionals who will be responsible for implementing the Clients instructions. The instructions may be to a lawyer, an architect, an interior designer, etc. Although there are m all forms of brief, the brief for a construction project will be dealt with, in particular, in these notes, but the process and approach is applicable to any brief.The brief should be ground on a chinkmentatic appraisal of the Clients requirements. The brief should not be based on preconceived ideas or assumptions. The brief may be essential through discussion and negotiation, which are used to clarify and define the Clients n eeds. The brief will form the terms of reference for the work to be undertaken by the Professional.As a set of instructions, the clearer and the more detailed the information supplied, the greater the probability that the service being provided will fulfil the Clients requirements. Thus it is important that a brief gives very detailed information describing precisely the requirements of the Client. The brief, as well as communicating factual information, it should also define the constraints and criteria within which the professional must work. such(prenominal) constraints and criteria may be the cipher, the time scale, etc.C Outline ProposalsThe brief is further developed in line with the general approach to layout, design, construction and services. A cost plan is established. The client is asked for his authoritative approval on how to proceed.0.1 Analyze the Clients requirements prepare outline proposals.0.2 win information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of n ew(prenominal) consultants0.3 bring home the bacon information to other consultants for the preparation of an approximation of construction costs0.3 A Provide an approximation of construction costs04 supercharge outline proposals and approximation of construction cost for the Clients approval05 Propose a procedure for cost planning and control06 Provide information to others for cost planning and control passim the project06 A Operate the procedure for cost planning and control throughout the project07 Prepare and keep updated a Clients endurening expenditure plan for the project08 Carry out negotiations with tenants or others identified by the ClientHere the architect will relate the clients requirements to the information given in stage B. expert advice from structural and structure manoeuvers will be sort. The relevant parties will then discuss the several(a) distinct options given to us This will help us to determine what type of construction would be best for the site on plot j. nowadays the outline scheme drawings dejection be inclined(p). court limits of the project will be taken into account by the quantity surveyor, where the architect will help him. Within the cost limits the quantity surveyor and architect will discuss the building standard, which can be provided with these limits.Indication as to when the building work will start on site and when it is to finish, an outline pre-contract programme will be prepared.D Scheme DesignThe brief is completed and architectural, engineering and services designs are integrated. The cost plan, overall programme and outline specification are developed and planning and other approvals applied for. A report is submitted to the client for his approval.01 Develop scheme design from approved outline proposals02 Provide the information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of other consultant into scheme design03 Provide information to other consultants for their preparation of cost envision03 A Prepare cost estimate04 Prepare preliminary timetable for construction05 shoot the breeze with planning authorities06 Consult with Building Control Authorities07 Consult with Fire Authorities08 Consult with environmental authorities09 Consult with licensing authorities10 Consult with statutory undertakers11 Prepare application for full planning approval12 Submit scheme design showing spatial arrangements, materials and appearance together with cost estimate for the Clients approval13 Consult with tenants and others identified14 Conduct transcendent negotiations with planning authorities15 Submit an application for full planning approval16 Prepare multiple applications for full planning approval17 Submit multiple planning applications18 Make revisions to scheme design to deal with requirements of planning authorities19 Revise planning application20 Resubmit planning application21 Carry out special construction research for the project including design of prototypes. Mock ups or m odels.22 proctor testing of prototypes, mock-ups or models.Now the Design Team will prepare a scheme to show parts of the building as to where they go and what they feeling like. It will also give a brief description of the materials being used. To do this the architect will have to complete his studies to get the user requirements. specialist firms and the design team will decide materials, finishes and services etc.We will now sort full planning permission and building regulations approval and all effected parties, which will be involved in the site such as highways and drainage, will be notified of our intentions by the local authority.The architect will now require a cost plan, this will be drafted up with the aid of the quantity surveyor. This will consist of an approximate cost of the project and a transgress cost for building 3 and 4. this will then be submitted to the client for his approval. The client will be notified that the scheme cannot miscellanea once he has give n his approval, and if he does so then this will result in the payment of additional fees.E Detailed DesignThe team designs, co-ordinates and specifies all parts and components, completes cost checks and obtains clients approval of significant details and costs. Specialist tenders may be sought.01 Develop the detailed design from the approved scheme design02 Provide information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of other consultants into detailed design03 Provide information to other consultants for their revision of cost estimate03 A Revise cost estimate04 Prepare Building Notice under building Act and/or Regulations05 Agree form of building contract and explain the Clients obligations thereunder06 Obtain Clients approval of the type of construction, quality of materials and standard of workmanship07 Apply for approvals under Building Acts and /or Regulations and other statutory requirements08 Negotiate if necessary over Building Acts and/or regulations and other statu tory requirements09 Conduct exceptional negotiations for approval by statutory authorities10 Negotiate waivers or relaxations under Building Acts and/or regulations and other statutory requirements.In this stage of the process the final drawing will be completed and the specification of the building will be completed. The specification will be done by the architectural technologist. The plan of work will be put together. The bill of quantities will be put together by the quantity surveyor from the specification. Information will be provided for the revision of cost estimation also the authorities will be consulted on developed design proposals. The client will approve to the type of construction, the quality of the materials, the standard of workmanship and revised cost estimation. The client will be advised on the consequences of any concomitant changes on cost and programming.F Production InformationThe team prepares working drawings, schedules and specifications and agrees with the client how the work is to be carried out. Specialist tenders may be sought.01 Prepare output signal drawings02 Prepare specifications03 Provide information to discuss proposals with and incorporate input of other consultants into ware information04 Co-ordinate output signal information05 Prepare other production information06 Submit plans for proposed building works for approval of basislords, funders, freeholders, tenants or others as requested by the Client.The Architectural Technologist will put together a specification so a tender document can be produced. The production information will be prepared for tender purposes also schedules will be prepared for rates and quantities. The architectural technologist must prepare and submit under building acts and regulation for the statutory requirements. Building notice must be prepared and given however this is not so in Scotland.Roles of the Design Team (Task 1B)Everyone on the design team has specific roles that need to be c arried out with care. If a role is not carried out to a specific degree of quality then the offender may be liable for any accidents or damages as this is classed as negligence.The clientThese are the clients duties however the client may decide to appoint a clients agent. Then the clients agent would carry these tasks out however it is still the client responsibility to appoint a qualified agent to do the job. Appoint a planning supervisor Provide information on health and safety to the planning supervisor Appoint a principal contractor Ensure those you appoint are competent and adequately resourced to carry out their health and safety responsibilities Ensure that a suitable health and safety plan has been prepared by the principal contractor originally construction work starts and Ensure the health and safety file given to you at the end of the project is kept available for use.If you arrange for someone to prepare a design or for a contractor to carry out construction work on t he project, you also have duties to ensure they are competent and are adequately resourced to carry out their health and safety responsibilities.The ArchitectThe architect is responsible for defining and maintaining the structure of the solution, and ensuring that it will meet the requirements. An architect must also help the team to work together in an agile fashion, to jointly aver the solution, and to interface well with other parts of the organization.There are five main parts to thisUnderstanding the requirements identifying the stakeholders, helping to analyze the requirements and extracting those of architectural significanceFormulating the design creating a solution structure which will meet the various requirements, balancing the goals and constraints on the solution,Communicating the architecture making sure that everyone understands the architecture. Different people have incompatible viewpoints, so the architect has to present various views of the frame clutch to different audiences,Supporting the developers making sure that the developers are able to realize the architecture, by a combination of mentoring and direct involvement,Verifying the implementation ensuring the delivered system is consistent with the agreed architecture, and will meet the requirements.The Architectural TechnologistArchitectural technologists work in building design and construction management teams, working especially closely with architects. They form the link between the architects concept and the completed construction, bridging the gap between the idea of an attractive functional building and the reality of that building performing successfully. They ensure that the right materials are used and that the building meets building regulations and other legal requirements.They also monitor quality assurance, cost and the meeting of deadlines throughout the life story of a construction project. Fully qualified members of the Chartered Institute of Architectural Tec hnologists (CIAT) can take total responsibility for the management of a project.The balance of different activities varies according to the kind of projects and the size of the organisation. However, typical work activities usually include Meeting with clients and other involved professionals at an early stage to agree the project brief Understanding how the design aspects of a construction project influence and relate to performance and functional issues, so that practical questions can be intercommunicate at an early stage Evaluating environmental, legal and regulatory issues and advising on these Contributing to planning applications and other regulatory application procedures Assessing what surveys (e.g. land surveys) are required in the beginning work can commence and ensuring such surveys is undertaken and their results fed into the project Developing project briefs and working on these as the project build upes Preparing and presenting design proposals utilise computer-aid ed design (CAD) and traditional drawing methods Leading the detailed design process and co-ordinating design information Advising clients on procuring the best and most appropriate contracts for the work they are undertaking Liaising with appropriate authorities (e.g. planning enquiries and building inspectors) when producing documentation for statutory approval Producing, analysing and advising on detailed specifications for suitable materials or processes to be used in construction Carrying out design-stage risk assessments Administering contracts and project certifications Obtaining feedback on work in progress and finished results from clients Appraising the performance of buildings which are in use and producing keep management information Evaluating and advising on refurbishment, re-use, recycling and deconstruction Managing the work of trainee technologists Contributing to the overall running of business.Landscape ArchitectLandscape architects/designers are essentially desig ners of outdoor(prenominal) spaces, of any land open to the sky, including land lying around and between buildings. They work to ensure that any changes made to the natural environment are appropriate and sensitive, as well as innovative and aesthetically pleasing. take cares can be both urban and rural and range from designing the layout of parks, gardens and housing estates to improving land affected by mineral extraction or motorway construction. The work involves collaborating closely with landscape contractors, as well as other professionals, especially architects, and those working in surveying and engineering functions.Structural EngineerA structural engineer designs structures that will withstand the pressures they have to endure. These may be buildings, aerials, bridges, oil rigs, aircraft anything from a playground climbing frames to the tallest building. They develop initial designs, using mathematics to calculate the stress that could arise at separately point in the s tructure, and simulate and model possible situations, such as high winds and earth movements. When construction has commenced, they are often involved in inspecting the work and advising contractors.These engineers often work in partnership with architects. They also examine buildings, bridges and other structures to discover whether or not they are structurally sound.Services EngineerA building services engineer is responsible for ensuring the cost- effective and environmentally sound design and maintenance of energy-using elements in buildings. They have an important role in developing and maintaining buildings, and their components, to make the most effective use of natural resources and protect public safety. This includes all equipment and materials involved with heating, lighting, ventilation, air-conditioning, electrical distribution, water supply, fire protection, safety systems, lifts and escalators, and even acoustics.Whilst the role increasingly demands a multidisciplina ry approach, building services engineers tend to specialise in one of the following areasElectrical engineeringMechanical engineeringPublic health.Stages of Project supply Process (Task 1C) provision TeamThe project team can be very important and it is essential to show that the team have the relevant experience, skills or training. It is often necessary to employ people who have been associated with similar projects previously. The experts may be expensive or may have limited availability, in which case the expert can be appointed as an advisor and may not have a great input. It is important not to mislead the Client by indicating a greater input than there will be in reality.G Tender DocumentationThis is the first part of the planning stage. Here, the contract documents have been gestural and any matters that have not been signed will be discussed between the architect, the client and the contractor. Both the client and the architect have rights and responsibilities where they mu st understand their own roles in the project. The client will be the employer and the architect will be the employers agent. Really this meeting will sort out the roles and responsibilities of everyone and a checklist may be used so that nothing is forgotten.H Tender ActionMain contract tenders are obtained by negotiation or competitive tendering procedures. The client is asked to agree that suitable tenders are accepted.01 Advise on and obtain the Clients approval to list of tenderers for the building contract02 Invite tenders03 Appraise and report on tenders with other consultants03 A Appraise and report on tenders04 Assist other consultants in negotiating with tenderer04 A Negotiate with a tenderer05 Assist other consultants in negotiating a price with a contractor05 A Negotiate a price with a contractor06 Select a contractor by other means07 Revise production information to adjust tender sum08 assemble for other contracts to be let prior to the main building contractThe contrac tor will be given a list of firms that the architect is considering using including the ones named at the tender stage. The architect must ensure that the contractor has no objections with any of the firms involved.The subcontractors and suppliers will get under ones skin letters telling them that they have been successful or unsuccessful. The contractor will then be informed to accept the sub-contractors quotation. When the architect has the meeting with the contractor he must make sure the agreement has been completed the clauses have been deleted from the conditions as appropriate. The signing of the contract includes many operations such as checking the contractors insurance and displace the contractor a copy of the contract.J Project Planning wedge documents are processed. The contractor receives information needed to plan the work. The site inspector is briefed and all roles are defined. The site is made available for work to start.01 Advise Client on the appointment of the contractor and on the responsibilities of the parties and the Architect under the Building Contract02 Prepare the building contract and arrange for it to be signed03 Provide production information as required by the building contract04 Provide services in connection with demolition05 Arrange for other contractors to be let subsequent to the commencement of the building contractProduction information must be ready for the project meeting. This is the meeting that takes place in front any work starts on site. The project information will be made up of two copies of the drawings, schedules and specifications. Copies of statutory approvals and the architect and contractor programme will be needed.K trading operations on SiteContract is administered and contractual obligations fulfilled with progress and quality control monitored. Financial control, with regular reports to the client, is maintained.01 Administer the terms of the building contract02 Conduct meetings with the contractor to review progress03 Provide information to other consultants for the preparation of financial reports of the Client03 A Prepare financial reports for the Client04 Generally inspect materials delivered to site05 As appropriate instruct the taking of samples, carrying out of tests of materials, components, techniques and workmanship and examine the conduct and results of such tests whether on or off site06 As appropriate instruct the opening up of completed works to determine that it is generally in accordance with the Contract Documents07 As appropriate visit the sites of the extraction and fabrication and assembly of materials and components to inspect such materials and workmanship before delivery to site.08 At intervals appropriate to the stage of construction visit the Works to inspect the progress and quality of the Works and to determine that they are being execute generally in accordance with the Contract Documents09 Direct and control the activities of site staff10 Administe r the terms of other contracts11 Monitor the progress of the Works against the contractors programme and report to the Client12 Prepare valuations of the work carried out and completedDuring the early stages of project planning, it is important to identify the resources and schedule for breeding of the Maintenance Operations Plan. The roles and responsibilities of the various resources must be determined and an overall approach developed.Most project processes will have maintenance and operations equivalents, including change management, governance processes, testing and communications. Employers need to review Project planning elements to determine those needed on an ongoing basis and include them in the Maintenance Operations Plan.A risk assessment will have to be carried out for individually operation that will surpass on site. This determines what PPE the person will have to wear and how big the risk is of carrying out this operation. A check list will have to be made so th at all equipment can be checked over once and a while. For example, the oil level in generators must be checked weekly so that they are able to run smoothly on site. A checklist can be ticked off once the generator has been checked and is in good working order.L CompletionProject is handed over for occupation. Defects are corrected, claims are resolved and final account is agreed. Final Certificate is issued.01 Provide drawings showing the building and main lines of drainage02 Arrange the drawings of building services installations to be provided03 Generally give advice on maintenance04 Prepare drawings for convincing purposes05 Compile maintenance and operational manuals06 Incorporate information prepared by others in the maintenance manuals07 Arrange maintenance contractsThis is the stage where the building is handed over to the client so that it can be occupied, rented etc. any remediation is done to any thing thats is wrong within the project. The final account should be signed by the client to say that he is prosperous and that there is nothing else to be done. The architect also needs to sign it. It also means that everything has been done according to the contract.M FeedbackThe performance of the building and the design and construction teams are analysed and recorded for future reference.This stage also mentions that after the building has been finished, the architect and the contractor are responsible for any failures that may occur to the building in the near future. However, it is obvious that if the failure occurs in the far future then this not their responsibility.At the end of this stage there are many questions asked. These include things such as,Did the contractor work well?Does the building function properly?Did the design process work smoothly?What does the client retrieve of the building?Factors that effect planning decisions (Task 1C)There are many things that need to be taken into consideration when making planning decisions, all proje cts produce different factors to be considered such as the followingBudgetAvailability of materialsAvailability of workers (Hiring sub contactors)WeatherThe Planning (conservation areas listed building areas) act 1990The Town and Country Planning Act 1990Restrictions on the land/local areaUsage of developmentSurrounding infrastructureExisting AccessWho will be using the preparedness e.g. old people or disabledDemands of the clientBuilding regulationsHow to overcome these factors1) Analysis of the Problem Breakdown the problem into simple components which may be soft managed. Create a flowchart in the form of a decision tree. separately stage of a project and all possible options are shown so as to produce a series of outcomes.2) Assessment of Outcomes. This is based on utility (the relative desirability) which is assessed for each possible outcome. The criteria are listed and their relative importance is evaluated. Each outcome is assessed against each criteria and then is evalua ted by summing its utility score against each criteria weighted by the relative importance of each criteria.3) Assessment of Probabilities. The alternative outcomes of each decision stage are allocated probability of the likelihood of their occurrence. These are subjective assessments, but experience is used to lend some objectivity.4) Determining Optimum manner The optimum path through the decision tree is determined by working backwards from the final outcome and calculating the expected (weighted average) utility of each event node. Where several activities enter an activity event node, the path with the highest utility is elected and the others are eliminated. The best path through the decision tree is found.5) sensitiveness Analysis Important elements of the decision tree should be assessed by applying a range of values to determine the effect.Decisions to be made for this project (Plot J)Budget The budget for the project and the program for implementation will be very diffic ult to ascertain at this early stage, but if some indication can be given and an approximate cash flow, it could be very useful to the Client and would indicate our understanding of the project.In order to ensure my project comes in on budget I will be employing a skilled and experienced quantity surveyor. This is because there is a big difference between estimated costs and on-key costs, which would be calculated to a degree of accuracy by the quantity surveyor. Budgets for the professional fees and programs for the professional services would also be useful.Green Field site As our site is situated on a green field site then there will be certain implications which may adherence the development.Once land has been converted to development, it is unlikely to ever be converted back to Greenfield useDestruction of the natural habitat of some animal and show speciesLoss of agricultural land results in loss of production and loss of employmentReduction of or complete loss of amenity or merriment valueNegative effect upon transport and energy useLoss of the gr